can religious conflicts be avoided

One paradoxical question keeps arising: Why is religion often a source of violence? Since the RELAC data depart from the UCDP data and are based on the dyad level, it also has the advantage that it can be used together with many other conflict-related data sets, such as the Non-State Actors in Armed Conflict Dataset (NSA) (Cunningham, Gleditsch, and Salehyan 2009, 2013) or the Sexual Violence in Armed Conflict (SVAC) data set (Cohen and Nords 2014), and should make it possible to explore a wide range of questions that hitherto have received limited attention in quantitative analyses. In order to effectively detect and, most importantly, deter ethical issues in business from surfacing in organization, there are several everyday efforts can be taken. New York: Guilford Press. Our new data that separate between religious identities and issues make possible for future research to explore these patterns in more depth. Article Next, we illustrate the use of our data by reexamining a common claim in previous research that conflicts over religious issues are more deadly than other types of conflicts (Nords 2007; Pearce 2005; Piazza 2009; Toft 2007). Dentist | Healthcare Data Science | Information Management | Digital Transformation & Integration | Healthcare Quality Management | MSc Operations Research | Applied Statistics(FGSSR) | DTQM( AICPD). Stumbling blocks on the religious road. B., Pargament, K. I., & Exline, J. J. The challenge by MEK against the theocratic regime of Iran is an example of this type of conflict. Why religion triggers conflicts and fights? - Everyday life of a Protestant Furthermore, we avoid problems of postrationalization by going back to the originally stated positions. Fifth and last, the data set by Svensson (2007) has global coverage and includes information about some of the religious dimensions that we include but is limited in temporal coverage, as it is available only for the 1989 to 2004 period. Yet, if we consider the last number of years, we can see that religious issue conflicts are not only representing a larger share of the worlds armed conflicts but are actually increasing in absolute numbers. Most notorious among them were the Roman conquests, Muslim invasions and Spanish invasions in Asia, Europe, Africa and Latin America. B., & Yali, A. M. (2014). Integrative themes in the current science of the psychology of religion. 2008. This entails demands for a greater role for Sharia-based legislation over particular issue areas, or a redefinition of the foundational basis for the state, in a way that makes the character of the state Islamic. Islamist claims refer to stated positions that advocate an increased role of Islam in the society or the state. Section 12: Religious Discrimination | U.S. Equal Employment Zusammenfassung V - Related forms of discrimination, such as discrimination based on national origin, race, or color, as well as retaliation. A glance at the daily news confirms that religion is The past decade has witnessed a sharp increase in violent sectarian or religious tensions. Politicians and armed groups use religion to divide neighbour from Cultural diversity in perceptions of right and wrong might differ in areas where the right answer is not always obvious. (2017). FOIA David Langness | Jan 18, 2015. films showing the beheadings of civilians and hostages in territory it As is This is conflict prevention on a For example, the few conflicts dyads in the Americas concern the conflict between the US government and Al-Qaida. Interpersonal conflicts now are in fourth place. around conflict prevention on its head. The results are presented in Table 2. Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(5), 501508. Second, in order to complement this material, where feasible, a number of more country-specific sources are employed including books and journals such as Africa Research Bulletin and various NGO reports, for instance, from Human Rights Watch. In I. Noth, C. Morgenthaler, & K. J. Greider (Eds. In July 2014, Israels massacre in Gaza killed nearly 2,200 Religious conflict | World Problems & Global Issues | The Encyclopedia A burnt house? Readers discuss ordaining women, separation of church and state, and Christian nationalism. In particular, we can see that conflicts fought over transnational Islamist aspirations have increased dramatically over the last decade, whereas conflicts over revolutionary Islamist claims have decreased somewhat, and conflicts over separatist Islamist demands have been more or less constant in overall frequency over the last decade. Pargament, K. I. Religious and Spiritual Conflicts: A Psychological Perspective - Springer This includes BBC monitoring, which in turn contains information from local newspapers and broadcasts, and at least one of the more general sources, that is, AFP, Reuters, Xinhua, or Agencia EFE. (2018). Ethical Conflicts can occur in the workplace either on the management level or Staff level, here some examples for these conflicts:-. Religious and Spiritual Conflicts: A Psychological Perspective. Religious conflict has a long history and it characterizes several groups today. (2013). causes of conflict. Religion represents influential civil society communities and institutions, often seen as representing unifying values that transcend disputed issues; they are often among the most stable, most trusted entities in crisis venues, capable of contributing to mediating disputes. Government Funding of Faith-Based Organizations May 2009 The debate over the meaning of the Establishment Clause. B., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. And sometimes they have done both, In conducting job interviews, employers can ensure nondiscriminatory treatment by asking the same questions of all . We now introduce descriptive statistics utilizing the RELAC data set. What about the dilemmas Combinations of religious dimensions of armed conflicts, 19752015. Provide time off to employees for religious reasons. We use two key criteria in order to code the salience of the religious claim. (2006). (2014). Debates about religion and violence have raged for years and Subsequently, we describe the data set, providing information about key definitions and the scope of our data. All religions have their accepted dogma, or articles of belief, that followers must accept without question. Thus, this variable measures whether the conflict is fought between or within religious traditions, and the basis for this data is UCDPs conflict descriptions and warring party name in the Encyclopedia, which includes information about the warring actors (see www.ucdp.uu.se). (2013). 1Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. The slow, steady approach Ive witnessed in many places can yield Violence to Working Policies or Processes, List Consequences for Unethical Behaviors. A Simple Solution to Religious Conflict - Soapboxie 6.For a recent discussion about challenges, possibilities, and alternatives for conceptualizing religious dimensions of armed conflicts, see Barter and Zatkin-Osburn (2016) and Svensson (2016). Religion and Conflict Although not necessarily so, there are some aspects of religion that make it susceptible to being a latent source of conflict. non-faith based organisations too. An employee's belief or practice can be "religious" under Title VII even if the employee is affiliated with a religious group that does not espouse or recognize that individual's belief or practice, or if few - or no - other people adhere to it. It is often claimed that religion causes conflict and war. Sitting politicians have little policymakingwhere every problem can be hacked and social conflicts are just another quickly. controls. (2016). The call for dialogue is the need for education within various faith traditions. Grundlagen der Religionspsychologie: Modelle und Methoden [fundamentals of psychology of religion: Models and methods]. Yet, such an analysis does not provide any information about the type of claims, beyond these being of religious nature. (Eds.). 5 Ways to Eradicate Religious Discrimination in the Workplace How is religious freedom protected in South Africa? Prevalence, predictors, and implications of religious/spiritual struggles among Muslims. Academy teaches orphaned children whose parents were killed during successive The Islamist claims can thus be divided into three categories. Note: For all group names, see our data set. Understanding spiritualityConceptual considerations. (Eds.). An example is Al-Shabaabs stated goal from 2008 to overthrow the Somali government, expel foreign troops from the country, and install a system of governance based on Sharia law. Taken together, religious identity conflicts go in totally different directions depending on whether we are examining the religious issue or not. Second, there is a large body of scholarly work that has focused primarily onprovoked or inspired byHuntingtons (1993, 1996) predictions, examining whether conflicts following religiouscivilizational cleavages are indeed different than other types of conflicts, for example, in terms of propensity for escalation, or frequency in onset (Chiozza 2002; Fox 2001, 2004a; Huntington 1993, 1996; Roeder 2003; Russett, Oneal, and Cox 2000). We are all too familiar with the idea of violence in the Our data show that such conflicts are showing a dramatic increase both in substantive and proportional terms. In When Religion Becomes Evil, Charles Kimball defines religion as that which evokes a wide variety of images, ideas, practices, beliefs, and experiences some positive and some negative.. In line with earlier findings, we can here show (see Figure 1) that the share of active conflict dyads engaged in violent conflict over a religious issue has risen dramatically over time from only 3 percent in 1975 to 55 percent in 2015. Whereas many associate religious conflict with the Middle East, in fact, it is only the third most frequent region in terms of the distribution of conflicts fought over a religious issue. All rights reserved. Don't assume employers, colleges or schools that require COVID-19 vaccinations will offer religious exemptions. Does Religion Cause Violence? | Harvard Divinity Bulletin In EZW Berlin, 3, 1-5. http://www.ekd.de/ezw/images/EZW_Utsch_Lit_Relpsy.pdf] 24.01.2008. March 2011 Are legal disputes involving churches and other religious institutions constitutionally different from those involving their secular counterparts, and if so, how? Avoiding ethical issues in business always starts with top management. Not only is such news unnerving for Kamloops and Canada, its too close for comfort for the U.S. as well, especially as our neighbour observes the 13th anniversary of 9-11 today. Evidence from Patterns of International Conflict Involvement, 194697, Cohen Dara Kay, Nords Ragnhild. be harder for agitators to mobilise communities when they can put a figure on it] to show that they are connected. groups have been accused of failing to bear witness, Put away the scriptures and follow justice, The best kept secret of the Catholic Churchits social teachings, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International licence. Its followers are then emboldened and are capable of violent and destructive behaviour in the name of their traditions. : An Empirical Study of Group Ideology, Organization, and Goal Structure, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Clash of Civilisations and Escalation of Domestic Ethnopolitical Conflicts. They Yet, his analysis does not include religious ideologies beyond Islamists and also differs from our study by focusing exclusively on terrorist groups. Validation of religious and spiritual struggles scales for adolescents, PhD dissertation. Over time, the distribution is relatively stable with somewhat of an increase in conflicts fought over high salience issues over the last ten years. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help But this stance represents a huge missed opportunity. ), Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality (pp. Abu-Raiya, H., Pargament, K. I., & Krause, N. (2016). The .gov means its official. New York: Guilford Press. Paloutzian, R. F., & Park, C. L. . institutions. and murdered 12 people. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 25(1), 2941. Step 4: Train Employees. In fact, the overall distribution of religious identity conflicts is quite stable in frequency over time. Historian Scott Appleby says that religion has an ability to sustain cycles of violence beyond the point of rational calculation and enlightened self-interest. Beliefs and Bloodshed: Understanding Religion and Intrastate Conflict PhD Thesis, Trondheim, Faculty of Social Sciences and Technology Management, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Norway. Africa and Asia stand out as the regions of the world in which most religious issue conflicts have occurred. 9.Other types of conflictsnonreligious, and where the parties come from the same religious traditionare also becoming less common over time, although this decreasing trend has flattened out over the last years. However, there are differences in how these three types of religious conflicts have evolved over time (see Figure 5). Secondly, we make a distinction between those cases where the claim is made by one organization or a unified alliance and cases where the rebel organization is represented by an alliance where only a few of the groups view the religious issues as the main question. 2009. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted In internal armed conflicts, it is commonly the rebel side (the insurgents) that challenges the status-quo power (the government) and who explicitly formulates the rationale for taking up arms. They are risk averse, and working with religious groups Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. everyday, trying to keep body and soul together and the wolf from the door. Die manichische Falle ist besetzt: U.S.-Aussenpolitik nach dem 11. which works for peace. peace and violence are examined through a faith-based lens, a different set of Other faiths have been complicit in Similarly, focusing exclusively on terrorist organizations, Piazza (2009) shows that there is no association between Islamist groups and the lethality of terrorist attacks after controlling for Al-Qaida groups, whereas groups with linkages to Al-Qaida are found to be more likely to commit such attacks. In addition, it should be noted that this captures the basic incompatibility, not necessarily where the fighting actually takes place. Merritt HeraldBox 9 2090 Granite AvenueMerritt, BC V1K 1B8, View our Privacy Policy | View our Terms of Use, Charges laid against former BC Liberal staffers, B.C. Religious violence is on the rise. What can faith-based communities do City to continue enforcement of Good Neighbour B Search for missing fisherman at Stump Lake ongoing, n ex-TRU student and his brother are fighting for ISIS in Syria, Young: Develop qualities you like to see in others. Separatist evangelist demands entail aspirations for an increased role of Christianity in a specific territory, whereas Revolutionary evangelist claims, by contrast, refer to aspirations that concern an increased role of Christianity in the government of the whole state, rather than being bound to a specific piece of territory within the national territorial borders. We can note that in total during this period, there have been eighty-one conflict dyads where the claim has high salience, whereas only twenty-seven conflict dyads are over low salience. A., Grubbs, J. The RELAC data facilitate an analysis of such dynamics. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(3), 208222. real results. Please check individual images for licensing details. RELAC is a resource that can help facilitate research that takes into account ideological factors. Why? Explore the moral, ethics and philosophy of war and conflict with BBC Bitesize Religious Studies. Theres often a gap between raising the alarm and effecting a But what is implied in the conventional wisdom that religion is prone to violence is that Christianity, Islam, and other faiths are more inclined toward violence than ideologies and institutions that are identified as "secular.". By contrast, the Hamas movement, through its charter in 1988, demanded an Islamic character of a liberated Palestine, and the conflict between the government of Israel and Hamas is an example of a religiously defined conflict. We introduce the Religion and Armed Conflict (RELAC) data, which is the most updated and comprehensive data set on religious identities and incompatibilities of the warring actors in armed conflicts currently available. Providing clearly written policies and processes ensuring both acknowledged and adhered to, which ensures transparency and ethical business practices are applied. Of the religious issue conflicts, a majority, 75 percent, is fought between governments and groups with Islamist claims, whereas a minority of the conflicts, 8 percent, is over evangelist claims, 16 percent of the rebel groups have a secular agenda, and 1 percent is over other claims (i.e., with a Sikh claim). Because the founders had the foresight to know When it comes to today's crises, religion isn't just part of the problemit's part of the solution. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20325.
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