creatine monohydrate supplementation has been shown to improve:

Similarly, Pal and colleagues [147] reported that MG efficacy was improved with co-administration of creatine and ascorbic acid in muscle cells in vitro and in sarcoma animal model in vivo, suggesting that creatine supplementation may serve as an adjunctive anticancer therapeutic intervention with MG. Di Biase and coworkers [17] also reported that creatine uptake deficiency severely impaired CD8 T cell responses to tumor challenge in vivo and to antigen stimulation in vitro, while supplementation of creatine through either direct administration or dietary supplementation significantly suppressed tumor growth in multiple mouse tumor models. The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation With and Without D-Pinitol on Resistance Training Adaptations. However, some studies have shown that consuming 23 g/day of creatine for 30 days can also effectively increase muscle creatine stores [46,49]. Branch J.D. Moreover, four patients treated younger than nine months had normal or almost normal developmental outcomes. Ostojic S.M. Creatine monohydrate supplementation is the major treatment for all the three disorders. Creatine has also been shown to increase lean body mass, mostly through increasing the fluid content of muscle cells. The multifaceted mechanisms by which creatine exerts its beneficial effect include increasing anaerobic energy capacity, decreasing protein breakdown, leading to increased muscle mass and physical performance [1]. Stout J.R., Eckerson J.M., Housh T.J., Ebersolevkt K.T. Almeida F.M., Oliveira-Junior M.C., Souza R.A., Petroni R.C., Soto S.F., Soriano F.G., Carvalho P.T., Albertini R., Damaceno-Rodrigues N.R., Lopes F.D., et al. Effects of Ingesting Supplements Designed to Promote Lean Tissue Accretion on Body Composition during Resistance Training. A proof-of-principle study. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Creatine supplementation enhances muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise. ; funding acquisition, R.B.K. Mobley C.B., Fox C.D., Ferguson B.S., Amin R.H., Dalbo V.J., Baier S., Rathmacher J.A., Wilson J.M., Roberts M.D. Fakih H., MacLusky N., DeCherney A., Wallimann T., Huszar G. Enhancement of human sperm motility and velocity in vitro: Effects of calcium and creatine phosphate. Neuroprotective effects of creatine and cyclocreatine in animal models of Huntingtons disease. iron Nemezio K.M.D.A., Bertuzzi R., Correia-Oliveira C.R., Gualano B., Bishop D., Lima-Silva A. In this regard, over recent years, researchers have been investigating the potential therapeutic role of creatine supplementation on health-related conditions such as diabetes [11], sarcopenia [4,6,12,13], osteoporosis [2,14], cancer [10,15,16,17,18], rehabilitation [4,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26], cognition [3,27,28,29], and cardiovascular health [5,6,8,30,31,32], among others. Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation has been reported to increase muscle creatine and phosphocreatine content by 15% to 40%, enhance the cellular bioenergetics of the phosphagen system, improve the shuttling of high-energy phosphates between the mitochondria and cytosol via the creatine phosphate shuttle, and enhance the activity of . For example, Bianchi et al. Boudina S., Laclau M.N., Tariosse L., Daret D., Gouverneur G., Bonoron-Adele S., Saks V.A., Dos Santos P. Alteration of mitochondrial function in a model of chronic ischemia in vivo in rat heart. Physiological responses to short-term exercise in the heat after creatine loading. Prophylactic creatine administration mediates neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia in mice. In sickness and in health: The widespread application of creatine supplementation. 8600 Rockville Pike I. Morphologic and phosphorus 31-nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Moreover, the energy-shuttling function of creatine goes beyond regulating CD8 T cells, in that reduced energy capacity has also been reported in multiple immune cells in various mouse tumor models in creatine transporter knockout mice [17]. However, assessment of high quality RCTs found no significant improvement in muscle strength in metabolic myopathies [254]. Carvalho A.P., Rassi S., Fontana K.E., Kde S.C., Feitosa R.H. [216] reported that a patient diagnosed at birth with AGAT deficiency who was treated with creatine supplementation beginning at four months of age experienced normal psychomotor development at eighteen months compared to siblings who did not have the deficiency. Stockler-Ipsiroglu S., van Karnebeek C.D. The benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation go well beyond increasing muscle Cr and PCr levels and thereby enhancing high-intensity exercise and training adaptations. Hultman E., Soderlund K., Timmons J.A., Cederblad G., Greenhaff P.L. Freissmuth M., Stockner T., Sucic S. SLC6 Transporter Folding Diseases and Pharmacochaperoning. Misfolded alpha-synuclein and Toll-like receptors: Therapeutic targets for Parkinsons disease. Opt Eijnde B., Jijakli H., Hespel P., Malaisse W.J. Green A.L., Hultman E., Macdonald I.A., Sewell D.A., Greenhaff P.L. Safety of Creatine Supplementation in Active Adolescents and Youth: A Brief Review. Oral creatine supplementation improves multiple sprint performance in elite ice-hockey players. Pazini F.L., Cunha M.P., Azevedo D., Rosa J.M., Colla A., de Oliveira J., Ramos-Hryb A.B., Brocardo P.S., Gil-Mohapel J., Rodrigues A.L.S. Lyoo I.K., Demopulos C.M., Hirashima F., Ahn K.H., Renshaw P.F. and J.R.S. The researchers found that creatine supplementation improved glucose tolerance to ingesting a standard meal, increased GLUT-4 translocation, and promoted a significant reduction in HbA1c levels. Creatine increase survival and delays motor symptoms in a transgenic animal model of Huntingtons disease. Adcock K.H., Nedelcu J., Loenneker T., Martin E., Wallimann T., Wagner B.P. Leader et al. Deminice R., Jordao A.A. Creatine supplementation decreases plasma lipid peroxidation markers and enhances anaerobic performance in rats. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Vegetarians have been reported to have muscle creatine and PCr stores about 2030% lower than non-vegetarians [46,47]. The effect of creatine supplementation upon inflammatory and muscle soreness markers after a 30km race. Creatine Supplementation During Resistance Training Does Not Lead to Greater Bone Mineral Density in Older Humans: A Brief Meta-Analysis. In: Pagon R.A., Adam M.P., Ardinger H.H., Wallace S.E., Amemiya A., Bean L.J.H., Bird T.D., Ledbetter N., Mefford H.C., Smith R.J.H., editors. D. short-duration anaerobic activity. x 7 days) in 7 mitochondrial cytopathy patients using a randomized, crossover design. A randomized, controlled trial of creatine monohydrate in patients with Swim performance following creatine supplementation in Division III athletes. Gill N.D., Hall R.D., Blazevich A.J. Fairman C.M., Kendall K.L., Newton R.U., Hart N.H., Taaffe D.R., Chee R., Tang C.I., Galvao D.A. Additionally, we provide reasonable conclusions about the state of the science on creatine supplementation. Aaserud R., Gramvik P., Olsen S.R., Jensen J. Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running. Sestili P., Martinelli C., Bravi G., Piccoli G., Curci R., Battistelli M., Falcieri E., Agostini D., Gioacchini A.M., Stocchi V. Creatine supplementation affords cytoprotection in oxidatively injured cultured mammalian cells via direct antioxidant activity. Chilibeck P.D., Kaviani M., Candow D.G., Zello G.A. For example, Watanabe and associates [180] found that creatine supplementation (8 g/day for 5 days) increased oxygen utilization in the brain and reduced mental fatigue in participants performing repetitive mathematical calculations. The researchers found that PCr administration improved energy availability to the heart, reduced the incidence of arrhythmias, and improved myocardial function. McMorris T., Harris R.C., Howard A.N., Langridge G., Hall B., Corbett J., Dicks M., Hodgson C. Creatine supplementation, sleep deprivation, cortisol, melatonin and behavior. Creatine supplementation has been reported to increase muscle creatine and PCr levels, enhance acute exercise capacity, and improve training adaptations [44,66,69,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96]. A similar meta-analysis conducted by Candow and colleagues [9] found that older individuals who took creatine during resistance training experienced significantly greater gains in muscle mass and upper body. Creatine and PCr play an important role in maintaining myocardial bioenergetics during ischemic events [21]. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial of creatine monohydrate as adjunctive treatment for bipolar depression. Candow D.G., Zello G.A., Ling B., Farthing J.P., Chilibeck P.D., McLeod K., Harris J., Johnson S. Comparison of creatine supplementation before versus after supervised resistance training in healthy older adults. Rossiter H.B., Cannell E.R., Jakeman P.M. Finally, Ostojic and colleagues [311] reported that GAA supplementation (2.4 g/day for 3 months) positively affected creatine metabolism and work capacity in women with CFS but did not affect general fatigue symptoms musculoskeletal soreness. Therefore, a normal-sized individual may need to consume 23 g/day of creatine to maintain normal creatine stores depending on diet, muscle mass, and physical activity levels. Candow and colleagues [99] reported that creatine (0.1 g/kg/day) and protein (0.3 g/kg/day) supplementation increased muscle mass and strength while decreasing protein degradation and bone resorption markers in older men. Dietary Supplements for Health, Adaptation, and Recovery in Athletes. The role of creatine supplementation during resistance training in sarcopenic populations will be discussed in more detail in this paper series on aging, sarcopenia, and bone health. Protection of ischemic myocardium by exogenous phosphocreatine (neoton): Pharmacokinetics of phosphocreatine, reduction of infarct size, stabilization of sarcolemma of ischemic cardiomyocytes, and antithrombotic action. Creatine in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Moreover, the AMPK-alpha protein content tended to be higher after Cr supplementation and was significantly related to the changes in GLUT-4 translocation and Hb1Ac levels, suggesting that AMPK signaling may be implicated in the effects of supplementation on glucose uptake in type 2 diabetes [143]. Candow D.G., Chilibeck P.D., Gordon J., Vogt E., Landeryou T., Kaviani M., Paus-Jensen L. Effect of 12 months of creatine supplementation and whole-body resistance training on measures of bone, muscle and strength in older males. Biochemical and functional effects of creatine phosphate in cardioplegic solution during aortic valve surgeryA clinical study. We investigated the effect of short-term CrM supplementation on global and targeted mRNA expression and protein content in human skeletal muscle. Effects of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Simulated Soccer Performance. Analysis of the efficacy, safety, and regulatory status of novel forms of creatine. Multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of high-energy phosphate metabolites in human brain following oral supplementation of creatine-monohydrate. [275] reported that creatine supplementation (10 g/day for 10 days before surgery and 5 g/day for 30 days after surgery) did not improve body composition, muscle strength, or enhance recovery in osteoarthritic patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty. Creatine and/or GAA may improve functional capacity in patients with chronic fatigue-related syndromes such as post-viral fatigue syndrome (PFS) and myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Gielen E., Beckwee D., Delaere A., De Breucker S., Vandewoude M., Bautmans I., Sarcopenia Guidelines Development Group of the Belgian Society of Geriatrics Nutritional interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in older people: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. In this regard, creatine supplementation has been reported to help lower cholesterol, triglycerides and/or manage blood lipid levels [77,132,133]; reduce the accumulation of fat on the liver [133,134]; decrease homocysteine thereby reducing risk of heart disease [30,135]; serve as an antioxidant [30,136,137,138,139]; enhance glycemic control [1,11,140,141,142,143]; reduce the progress of some forms of cancer [8,17,18,135,144,145,146,147]; increase strength and muscle mass [2,9,13,67,70,71,93,99,101,148,149,150,151,152,153,154]; minimize bone loss in some studies [2,4,14,16,99,150,155,156,157,158,159,160]; improve functional capacity in osteoarthritic and fibromyalgia patients [22,161,162]; enhance cognitive function particularly in older populations [3,27,28,69,94,127,131,159,163,164,165,166,167,168]; and, in some instances, improve the efficacy of some anti-depressant medications [5,29,169,170,171,172]. Finally, Turner and coworkers [166] reported that 7 days of creatine supplementation increased brain creatine content by 9.2%, increased corticomotor excitability, and prevented the decline in attention during hypoxia in healthy adults. Several studies have found that creatine supplementation attenuates mental fatigue [27,28,127] and/or can improve cognition, executive function, and/or memory [28,94,127,168,177,179]. Kerksick C., Wilborn C.D., Campbell W.I., Harvey T.M., Marcello B.M., Roberts M.D., Parker A.G., Byars A.G., Greenwood L.D., Almada A.L., et al. Long-Term Effect of Combination of Creatine Monohydrate plus -Hydroxy -Methylbutyrate (HMB) on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Anabolic/Catabolic Hormones in Elite Male Endurance Athletes. Based on the available evidence, the following can be reasonably concluded based. Rakpongsiri K., Sawangkoon S. Protective effect of creatine supplementation and estrogen replacement on cardiac reserve function and antioxidant reservation against oxidative stress in exercise-trained ovariectomized hamsters. Long-term creatine supplementation has also been used to treat patients with ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) deficiency that causes gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina due to secondary creatine depletion that is characterized by progressive vision loss [218,219,220,221,222]. Creatine Loading Does not Preserve Muscle Mass or Strength during Leg Immobilization in Healthy, Young Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Although creatine supplementation has been shown to have neuroprotective properties and improve strength and endurance, the efficacy of long-term, high-dose creatine supplementation in individuals with neurodegenerative diseases is equivocal, while promising, in patients with muscular dystrophy. Creatine supplementation during pregnancy may help support the mother and childs nutritional needs and health; however, due to the limited studies in pregnant humans, caution should be exercised when recommending use during human pregnancy. While these types of studies could not be performed in humans, they support contentions that creatine supplementation may reduce the severity of TBI and/or SCI. Effect of Creatine Supplementation Jumping Performance in Elite Volleyball Players. The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. Sullivan P.G., Geiger J.D., Mattson M.P., Scheff S.W. (Forbes et al., 2022) Wallimann T., Riek U., Moddel M. Intradialytic creatine supplementation: A scientific rationale for improving the health and quality of life of dialysis patients. Papadimitriou K. Effects of legal ergogenic supplements on swimmers performance: A bibliographic approach. Accessibility Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Creatine for Exercise and Sports - MDPI For example, Malatji et al. Bernat and colleagues [175] reported that creatine supplementation (0.1 g/kg/day) during 8 weeks of high-velocity resistance training in untrained healthy aging men promoted significantly greater gains in leg press and total lower-body strength, muscle thickness, and some measures of peak torque and physical performance. Creatine Supplementation to Improve Sarcopenia in Chronic Liver Disease: Facts and Perspectives by Riccardo Casciola 1, Laura Leoni 2,3, Biagio Cuffari 1, Maddalena Pecchini 1, Renata Menozzi 2, Antonio Colecchia 1 and Federico Ravaioli 1,3,* 1 As an introduction about creatines potential role in health and disease, the following provides a general overview of creatines metabolic role, purported benefits throughout the lifespan, and potential therapeutic applications. Effects of plyometric training and creatine supplementation on maximal-intensity exercise and endurance in female soccer players. Kim J., Lee J., Kim S., Yoon D., Kim J., Sung D.J. Griffen C., Rogerson D., Ranchordas M., Ruddock A. Effects of creatine and exercise on skeletal muscle of FRG1-transgenic mice. We also generally lose strength, muscle mass, bone mass, balance while increasing body fat as we age, whether clinically diagnosed with sarcopenia or not [3,69,131]. Effect of Different Frequencies of Creatine Supplementation on Muscle Size and Strength in Young Adults. Hultman J., Ronquist G., Forsberg J.O., Hansson H.E. Download .nbib The creatine kinase reaction: A simple reaction with functional complexity. Longo N., Ardon O., Vanzo R., Schwartz E., Pasquali M. Disorders of creatine transport and metabolism. supplementation to creatine monohydrate . Studies consistently reveal that creatine supplementation exerts positive ergogenic effects on single and multiple bouts of short-duration, high-intensity exercise . sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: safety and Candow D., Forbes S., Kirk B., Duque G. Current Evidence and Possible Future Applications of Creatine Supplementation for Older Adults. For example, Gualano et al. Little is known about the cellular response to CrM. Laclau M.N., Boudina S., Thambo J.B., Tariosse L., Gouverneur G., Bonoron-Adele S., Saks V.A., Garlid K.D., Dos Santos P. Cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning preserves mitochondrial function and functional coupling between adenine nucleotide translocase and creatine kinase. To do so, we have invited a number of top creatine scholars to contribute comprehensive reviews as well as encouraged colleagues to submit meta-analyses and original research to this special issue. Atakan M., Karaveliolu M., Harmanc H., Cook M., Bulut S. Short term creatine loading without weight gain improves sprint, agility and leg strength performance in female futsal players. Lateral. Marshall R.N., Smeuninx B., Morgan P.T., Breen L. Nutritional Strategies to Offset Disuse-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Anabolic Resistance in Older Adults: From Whole-Foods to Isolated Ingredients. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analyses. Maganaris C., Maughan R. Creatine supplementation enhances maximum voluntary isometric force and endurance capacity in resistance trained men. Collectively, these findings suggest that prophylactic creatine supplementation may reduce the severity of brain ischemia and therefore may have some therapeutic benefits in individuals at risk to stroke [8,21,197]. The researchers did not observe statistically significant improvement in PD or ALS patient outcomes. Maternal creatine supplementation has been reported to improve neonatal survival and organ function following birth asphyxia in animals [277,278,279,281,282,283,285]. Anyukhovsky E.P., Javadov S.A., Preobrazhensky A.N., Beloshapko G.G., Rosenshtraukh L.V., Saks V.A. Bortoluzzi V.T., de Franceschi I.D., Rieger E., Wannmacher C.M. However, other studies suggest that creatine attenuates the pulmonary and systemic effects of lung ischemia in reperfusion injury in rats [300]; improves rehabilitative outcomes in patients with cystic fibrosis [301] and COPD [271]; or, has no statistically significant effects on pulmonary rehabilitation outcomes [24,273] and youth soccer players with allergies [302]. Braegger C.P., Schlattner U., Wallimann T., Utiger A., Frank F., Schaefer B., Heizmann C.W., Sennhauser F.H. Am. Vallet J.L., Miles J.R., Rempel L.A. Effect of creatine supplementation during the last week of gestation on birth intervals, stillbirth, and preweaning mortality in pigs. Volek J.S., Mazzetti S.A., Farquhar W.B., Barnes B.R., Gomez A.L., Kraemer W.J. Effects of creatine on isometric bench-press performance in resistance-trained humans. For example, Andrews and colleagues [199] found that creatine supplementation (20 g/day for 5 days) in chronic heart failure patients augmented skeletal muscle endurance and attenuated the abnormal skeletal muscle metabolic response to exercise. Enhanced Pre Workout Creatine Monohydrate Supplement - Support . Effect of the Combination of Creatine Monohydrate Plus HMB Supplementation on Sports Performance, Body Composition, Markers of Muscle Damage and Hormone Status: A Systematic Review. In addition to athletic and exercise improvement, research has shown that creatine supplementation may enhance post-exercise recovery, injury prevention, thermoregulation, rehabilitation, and concussion and/or spinal cord neuroprotection. Magne H., Savary-Auzeloux I., Rmond D., Dardevet D. Nutritional strategies to counteract muscle atrophy caused by disuse and to improve recovery. Ayoama R., Hiruma E., Sasaki H. Effects of creatine loading on muscular strength and endurance of female softball players. For example, Brose and colleagues [173] were among the first to report that creatine supplementation (5 g/day for 14 weeks) during heavy resistance training promoted greater gains in muscle mass and isometric muscle strength in older adults (>65 years). (Next steps) It's a lot to cover, so let's jump right in! A five-year follow-up of creatine supplementation. Schlattner U., Klaus A., Rios S.R., Guzun R., Kay L., Tokarska-Schlattner M. Cellular compartmentation of energy metabolism: Creatine kinase microcompartments and recruitment of B-type creatine kinase to specific subcellular sites. Bemben M.G., Bemben D.A., Loftiss D.D., Knehans A.W. Potential benefits of creatine monohydrate supplementation in the elderly. Demant T.W., Rhodes E. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Exercise Performance. Van Loon L.J.C., Oosterlaar A.M., Hartgens F., Hesselink M.K.C., Snow R.J., Wagenmakers A.J.M. Effect of creatine feeding on maximal exercise performance in vegetarians. Consequently, research has examined whether creatine supplementation affects cognition, memory, and/or executive function in older individuals as well as patients with mild cognitive impairment [94,168,174,177,178]. The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. A new approach to sperm preservation based on bioenergetic theory. Perret C., Mueller G., Knecht H. Influence of creatine supplementation on 800 m wheelchair performance: A pilot study. Balestrino M., Sarocchi M., Adriano E., Spallarossa P. Potential of creatine or phosphocreatine supplementation in cerebrovascular disease and in ischemic heart disease. Variability of Creatine Metabolism Genes in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Niklasson F., Agren H. Brain energy metabolism and blood-brain barrier permeability in depressive patients: Analyses of creatine, creatinine, urate, and albumin in CSF and blood. Co-administration of creatine plus pyruvate prevents the effects of phenylalanine administration to female rats during pregnancy and lactation on enzymes activity of energy metabolism in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the offspring. Creatine supplementation combined with resistance training in older men. The researchers found that creatine feeding significantly increased the ratio of brain PCr to Pi and promoted a 25% reduction in the volume of brain damage. Carbohydrate ingestion augments creatine retention during creatine feeding in humans. Scholey A. Nutrients for neurocognition in health and disease: Measures, methodologies and mechanisms. Kerksick C.M., Rasmussen C., Lancaster S., Starks M., Smith P., Melton C., Greenwood M., Almada A., Kreider R. Impact of differing protein sources and a creatine containing nutritional formula after 12 weeks of resistance training. Rosene J., Matthews T., Ryan C., Belmore K., Bergsten A., Blaisdell J., Gaylord J., Love R., Marrone M., Ward K., et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation during off-season college football training on body composition and strength.
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