malabar independent syrian church

This was the first of several churches to split off from the Malankara Church. (The West Syrian form is Mor but the East Syrian pronunciation prevails in Kerala even among Churches which, like the MISC, are West Syrian in episcopal succession and rite). One day while he was staying at Pazhanji he heard of an aged man who had been rendered homeless. There were three suffragon bishops. List of Syrian Malabar Nasranis - Religion Wiki | Fandom This group split off from the main body of India's Malankara Church in 1772 and was confirmed as an . The phrase Malankara Church is a convenient one to describe that part of the Syrian community left after the majority of St. Thomas Christians became the Syro-Malabar Church in communion with Rome. These provide valuable information about the liturgy which was in use before the Syond of Diamper in Malabar. Oriental Protestant Christian; Mar Thoma Syrian, St. Thomas Evangelical. Still. Because of this case Thozhiyoor Church was given the name Malabar Independent Syrian Church. On several occasions Thoziyur bishops have stepped in to consecrate bishops for the other churches when the episcopal succession, and therefore the churches themselves, were in danger. Cyril claimed authority over the parishes of Cochin, and initially received the support of the Raja of Cochin. MAR KOORILOS BAVA KATTUMANGATTU KURIEN (1772-1802) FOUNDER OF MISC, 2. Then he asked the members to mention their nominee. Later on the properties were recovered, following payment as stipulated. As a boy he impressed the visiting Bishop Mar Ivanios of Jerusalem by correcting a deacons liturgical mistake at Mulanthuruthy Church. The other thirty-two churches and their congregations represent the nucleus whence the Syriac Orthodox (Jacobites & Orthodox) , Thoziyur, Mar Thoma (Reformed Syrians), Syro Malankra Catholics have originated.9. In June 1950 the foundation stone for the Home was laid with money from his own pocket. At the end of the visit he spent a few days in Rome. Read More Fr.Sebastaini went back to Rome to submit the Report leaving behind Fr.Matheo. GEEVERGHESE MAR KOORILOSE VIII, 10th METROPOLITAN (1948-1967), 11. An entry in the Thozhiyur Visitors Book dated 28 March 1889 reads, I was sorry to hear of the demise of my old respected friend Mar Curialos, who treated my son, John from mad dog bite. The man (whose signature is illegible) had in turn with three other children likewise afflicted. Council meetings are normally held at three-monthly intervals, though the Secretary may call additional meetings at the request of the Metropolitan. [1][2] Although the church is independent under the Malankara umbrella, the church faith and traditions are strictly Oriental Orthodox, adhering to the West Syriac Rite and consistently using western Syriac and Malayalam during the Holy Qurbono (Qurbono Qadisho). But he himself refused to agree. Verghese recounts the following incident concerning the two future Metropolitans: Those we the days when there was no bishop permanently staying in Kerala. He would never tolerate anyone to distract his prayers. But when he passed the primary classes he had to discontinue his education for his parents were very poor. The new bishop took the name Mar Cyril (Koorilos), and he was designated Gregorios sole heir. His face shone like that of an angel. The Council is empowered to approve the annual budget and finances Read More of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church; to authorise the sale, purchase, lease or mortgaging of Church property; to frame regulations for the efficient and smooth transaction o day-to-day business, provided such regulations are not contrary to the constitution; and to recommend candidates for ordination as deacons. In 1924 he took part in the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the consecration of Titus Mar Thoma II. The church has about 5,000 members. The East Syrian Church-today called the Church of the East or Assynan Church-was responsible for a remarkable eastward missionary expansion which reached China and Tibet. The Malabar Independent Syrian Church is the oldest of the various jurisdictions into which the non-Roman Catholic section of the Thomas Christians has been divided since the 17th cent. Besides the educational institutions, he established churches at Pazhanji and Kallumpuram. He was much pleased and since then he used to call the boy to his residence and listen to his recitation. (It is perhaps worth pointing out that although the community accepts and, indeed, is proud of-the description Syrian, its members today are in appearance and culture Indian). They also decided to seek the help of the Metropolitan at Thozhiyur for his consecration. In 1772 Bishop Mar Gregorios, a representative of the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy from the Middle East, had grown dissatisfied with how the Metropolitan Mar Dionysius I had treated him. The Eucharistic Celebration is popularly known as Holy Qurbana due to the historical influence of the Church of the East. 8. Sebastiani and Fr. In 1772 Bishop Gregorios, a representative of the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy from the Middle East, had grown dissatisfied with how the Metropolitan Dionysius I had treated him. It is one of the churches of the saint Thomas Christian community, which traces its origins to the activity of one certain Kattumangattu Kurian kathanar of Mulamthuruthy, who secretly got Episcopal consecration from Antiochen bishop Gregorios. The Malabar Independent Syrian Church, also known as the Thozhiyur Church, is a Christian church centred in Kerala, India. This separated the Thomas Christians from the Chaldean Patriarch and subjected them directly to the Latin Archbishopric of Goa. In 1751 two foreign bishops from the Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch were brought to Kerala by the Dutch at the request of the non-Roman Syrians; Mar Gregorios and Mar Ivanios. Such attributes have won him a place of honour as a prominent Metropolitan of the Thozhiyur Church. Before the celebration of the Holy Qurbana, he used to confine himself to his study for the preparatory prayers. Syriac Orthodox (Jacobite) Churches in India One day as usual the boy presented himself before the Metropolitan who asked his secretary to pay the fees. The Christians in the locality also contributed liberally and eventually a building to house three families was constructed. At the time of election to the office of the Bishop he was on the staff of the St. Georges High School. He said he would not demand the Patriarchs release if the credentials were found false. He lost his mother also in his boy hood, but his father lived to see his son consecrated a bishop. A third church at Matancherry at Fort Cochin was also gained by the MISC but its distance from Thozhiyur made it difficult to maintain and it was disposed of. That one particular set of circumstances should have produced permanently a small independent church could not have been foreseen or intended at the time. The Syriac title is Thukasa dmaritha Thomaytha dhendo which means Statutes of the Thomite fold in India. The congregation in and around mulanthuruthi, the stronghold of the Jacobites in those days also was happy to have Mar Koorilose as the head of their church. After the death of last Chaldean Metropolitan Mar Abraham of undivided Saint Thomas Christians, the Archdeacon George ( of the Cross) according to the custom and by the virtue of appointment by Mar Abraham took administration of the Church. He, with all due respect, said they would be glad to accept whomsoever their distinguished guest nominated. He led a life of prayer, there. Earlier Anjoor or Thozhiyur Church was used. The consecration was made without consulting Dionysius I. The historic Coonan Cross Oath happened on Jan 3rd 1653 AD. Earlier, he had served the Church as the secretary of the Gospel Association and the Sabha Council. In July 2006 Koorilose IX and Basilios I participated as co-consecrators in the episcopal ordination of Paul Hunt and John Fenwick as bishops of the Free Church of England.[12][13]. Clear and precise evidence is available in the letters of two East Syrian Patriarchs, Mar Ishoyahb III ( 647/8 or 650/1) and Mar Timothy I ( 780-823 AD). Verghese states that they belonged to a noble family in Syria that came down to Kerala and settled first at Piravam and then at Mulanthuruthy, a village in the former Cochin state. From this time on what would seem to have been a united community, socially and liturgically, is gradually fragmented as outside influences reinforced and fostered a tendency to internal rivalry and, later, to resort to litigation. After half a century a large section of the oppressed community publicly expressed their desire to be independent of foreign missionaries in general and the Jesuits.in particular, by taking an oath at Matancherry near Cochin while holding ropes tied to a stone cross in the churchyard. So the Metropolitan himself undertook to educate him. It is an elevated place and so could command a beautiful view around. Later, it became a fully constituted parish. The entire Saint Thomas Christians were one rite and one Church till the middle of Seventeenth Century. In January 1991 the Metropolitan took part also in the consecration of the Jacobite bishop Thomas Mar Themotheose at Udayagin Seminary near Mulanthuruthy. There are in addition small numbers of Syrian Christians in the Salvation Army It was a time when the church was bankrupt due to the fall in the price of coconuts, the main yield of the church estate. It is on a hill away from the busy roads and din of the town an ideal place for worship and retreat. In the prayer of the priest there are five changes in pre- anaforaml part of the Qurbana of Addai and Mari. It is possible, though not certain, that he canonically consecrated Mar Thoma- I. In this ceremony too Thomas Mar Athanasios took part. Gradually his eyesight failed and for the last two years he was completely confined to bed. The Church of South India In 1893 Thomas Mar Athanasios passed away without consecrating a successor, to the delight of his opponents and the consternation of the reformers , who elected the priest Dethos (Titus), the eldest son of Abraham Malpan, as bishop designate. The earliest concrete surviving document, Read More which assert the presence of East Syrian Liturgy is the Vatican Syriac MSS-22, written at Cranganore, Malabar in 1301 AD. 2001-Eparchy of St. Thomas of Chicago, United States was Established. His grandfather, the Rev. The court ruled against Yoakim Mar Koorilose and required him to pay the costs. The Malabar Independent Syrian Church (MISC) also known as the Thozhiyur Church, is a Christian church centred in Kerala, India. The incident took place in 1653 and is known. It was feared that many would follow Mar Philoxenos -III when he left the Church. Other ecumenical links have been developed, not least with the Anglican and Lutheran Churches. ABOUT THE CHURCH - Misc - Malabar Independent Syrian Church Each Church has its own geographical (rather than a national) title that usually reflects the cultural traditions of its believers. The Synod proposed some thirty changes in the Qurbana. [11] In 1998 and 2008, Thozhiyur Church Metropolitans were ecumenical observers at the Lambeth Conference of Anglican bishops. The Panakal family had already supplied two bishops: Joseph Mar Koorilose -IV and Paulose Mar Athanasios, Suffragan Metropolitan. But since another Archdeacon was appointed by Bishop Gracia SJ and he was not ready to give up his position, Mar Thomas I resumed his former stand. Alexis De Menezes, the Arch Bishop of Goa, begins his visit in Malabar in 27 December 1598 AD. The Malabar Independent Syrian Church (MISC) also known as the Thozhiyur Church, is a Christian church centred in Kerala, India.It is one of the churches of the Saint Thomas Christian community, which traces its origins to the evangelical activity of Thomas the Apostle in the 1st century.. In 1989 the present Metropolitan visited England where he met the then Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr. Robert Runcie. The corrected rite was printed by Gouvea in 1604, Portugal. In 1952 when a high school was started at Thozhiyur he promised to sponsor a student. K.I. The church serves India's Saint Thomas Christian (also known as ) population. The Metropolitan, with tears in his eyes, declared that Fr. By that time he had gained his normal senses and received Holy Communion with due respect and devotion as before. 3. Another church acquired by Joseph Mar Koorilose was the one at Chalissery in British territory. 5 were here. The church at Kallumpuram, Two miles north of Pazhanji, was a blessing to the local people, for till then there was neither a church nor a good road leading to the neighbouring churches at Pazhanji and Chalissery. There are ancient Manuscripts which contain the ordinary of the Qurbana and rubrics for the Raza ( most solemn celebration) which mentions the Second Diocesan Synod of Angamali celebrated by the first Latin Arch Bishop Franics Roz ( 1601-1624) of Saint Thomas Christians in 1603. He was the head of the church till 1947. The clergy, the representatives of Sunday school teachers and voluntary Gospel workers were-and still are-all involved in it. (This rather western-sounding title and figure seems to have replaced the traditional eastern Archdeacon). In 1504, Mar Yahballaha was the Metropoliten of All India in Malabar. C. J.Verghese eventually succeeded Kuriakose Mar The Malabar Independent Syrian Church: A Brief Account of the Tozhiyur Malabar Independent Syrian Church - Ecumenical Relations | Technology All three churches were in British Malabar. For more details select your favorite language. Sebastianini gained the support of many, especially with the support of Alexander Parampil, Alexandar Kadavil and the Vicar of Muttam, (the three councilors were reconciled with Gracia SJ before the arrival of Sebastaini according to some Jesuit reports). This Parish was later elevated to be a Forane Church. In the mean time, two new terms, Pazhayakuttukar to represent Catholic Syrians and Puthankuttukar to represent Jacobites also emerged. These provide valuable information about the liturgy which was in use before the Syond of Diamper in Malabar. The expansion of the Church outside Kerala was the outstanding land mark of this period, as till then the Church had been confined to Kerala alone. The Kattumangatt brothers, Abraham and Geeverghese, attended the prayers regularly and used to listen to the hymns chanted by those students. Malabar Diocese: 22. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . St. George's Cathedral Church, Thozhiyur, Kerala. Joseph Thomas Chirappurathu, Phone: 872 305 1345 13416 Onyx Lane Farmers Branch TX 75234 1-872-305-1345. frchirappurathu@gmail.com Before the establishment of the St. Thomas Syro Malabar diocese of Chicago, Knanaya Catholic Association of DFW, the lay organization, organized both spiritual and social activities for its members. This is a list of Syrian Malabar Nasranis who have made significant contribution to public service, science, sports, literature and the arts. [6], However, relations between the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy and the native clergy were sometimes strained. Mar Esai Hudra also contains three Anaphora. On 30 November 1987 the foundation was laid. (A note on terminology may be helpful here. Contents 1 Terminology 2 Politics and public service 3 Literature and media 4 Arts and entertainment 5 Sports 6 Business 7 Science and technology 8 Medicine 9 Judicial and Government Service 10 Religion The general body met on 11 December 1977 and elected Fr. PAULOSE MAR PHILOXENOS -III , 11th METROPOLITAN (1967-1977), 12. The others agreed unanimously. St. Adais Church at Porkulam is two miles north of Kunnamkulam. The boys soon surpassed their classmates. Kurian (Abraham) Other ecumenical links have been developed, not least with the Anglican and Lutheran Churches. Seeing their intelligence and good character he ordained them as deacons and before he left for his native country ordained them as priests and engaged them to teach Syriac in his stead. A week earlier he had been made a Ramban by Philipose Mar Chrysostom, Suffragan Metropolitan of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church. No other monument could be more fitting to preserve the memory of Mar Koorilose-I who himself had been blessed with healing gifts. Unfortunately the relations between this foreign prelate and Mar Thoma VI, were not cordial. On 11 January 1981 the church was consecrated and at a meeting held after the service the key was handed over to the Metropolitan. KURIAKOSE MARKOORILOSE VI, 9TH METROPOLITAN (1936-1947), 10. Soon after Mar Koorilose-V recovered he determined to find a suitable successor. So he closed himself in the church for prayer. The Malabar Independent Syrian Church (MISC) also known as the Thozhiyur Church, is a Christian church centred in Kerala, India. Mar Bahanan Chapel, Anjoor Bazar, Kerala. However, Dionysus saw him as a threat to his power, and in 1774 he appealed to the Raja and to the British authorities in India to suppress the rival bishop. Codex 45, 46, 66 are that of the Pontifical, Missal and Rituals. H.G GEEVARGHEESE MAR KOORILOSE KATTUMANGATTU (1802-1808), 3. 11. In Syriac, the formula is Philoxenos who is Geevarghese (pylksns dhw gwrgs). The Orthodox Churches are united in faith and by a common approach to theology, tradition, and worship. During his episcopal ministry a chapel was built at Akathiyur, three miles north of Kunnamkulam, and the St. Thomas church at Kunnamkulam was modified and reconstructed in 1940. This Diocesan Statutes were brought to light recently by J Matheiken. Cyril left for Thozhiyur, outside their jurisdiction, and established what would become an independent church. Certainly, classical Roman and Greek writers knew of this part of India and coins of the Roman Emperors Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius and Nero have been found there. Fr. The chief powers of the Sabha Mandalam are those of amending the Constitution and electing bishops. 6. These were in a (characteristically) confused state with accusations being made against the Metropolitan , Mar Thoma VIII, denying the validity of his consecra tion . The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and its Place in the Story of the St Thomas Christians (Gorgias Eastern Christian Studies, 20). Cyril claimed authority over the parishes of Cochin, and initially received the support of the Raja of Cochin and his chief minister Paliathachen and Dutch authorities. Andhra Evangelical Lutheran, Assemblies Jehovah Shammah, Christian Revival Church, Church of North India, Church of South India, Garo Baptist, Indian Brethren, Indian Pentecostal Church of God, Church of God (Full Gospel), North Bank Baptist Christian, Northern Evangelical Lutheran, Methodist Church, Presbyterian, The Pentecostal Mission, Seventh-day Adventist, United Evangelical Lutheran, The Saint Thomas Christians trace their origins to Thomas the Apostle, who according to tradition proselytized in India in the 1st century. So Mathews Mar Athanasius, metropolitan of the Malankara Church consecrated the Joseph Kathanar and gave him the episcopal title Joseph Mar Koorilose. C.J.Verghese could succeed the selected nominee. The Church founded by Apostle Thomas was known in different names in different periods of the history. But he refused to do so and said that the entire amount should be utilized for the cause of education as desired by the donors. With the liberal donations and co operation of the members of the Church and her well-wishers, the construction was completed in record time and the Cathedral dedicated on 16 April 1989. For substantial periods there have been two bishops in the Church, with the junior designated Suffragan Metropolitan. Mathew to fill the gap. Ninth century Christian immigrants are credited with founding the port of Quilon and there survive ancient copper plates recording the privileges accorded to them by the local Hindu king, including the keeping of the public weights, which suggests a high degree of trustworthiness in the community. All the Thomas Christians except a few ( 400 or 500 or 4000) adhered to those who had taken the Oath on Friday, January 3rd 1653. One of the remark able achievements of this period was the starting of a high school at Thozhiyur. Gorgias Press. The Forgotten Bishops Patriarch Thimothy in 8th Century calls Archdeacon ( Arken), head of faithful of India. However, early in 1967 the stay was lifted .The general body met again on 9 May 1967 and elected the Rev. This group was known as Thozhiyoor church later named as Malabar Independent Syrian Church, after a court verdict in 1862.Today the church remains small, with about only 35,000 members, and maintains good relations with the Mar Thoma Church. Instead, a basic sketch is presented, sufficient to enable an understanding of the context in which the Malabar Independent Syrian Church came into existence. He was succeeded by Bishop Brito SJ and Bishop Garcia Francis SJ. At the same time the opponents of the Mar Thoma Church (as the Reformers may now be designated, following the loss of the Seminary Case) were bent upon preventing the consecration in order to annihilate the Mar Thoma Church once and for all. Mar Yahballaha (Jaballaha) was the metropolitan and Mar Denah, Mar Jacob and Mar John were the Bishops. The constitution makes provision for two bodies: This is the General Synod of the Church and is its supreme authority. Marco Polo called in about 1293. There were two candidates, Father K.M.Kuriakose aged 52 and Father C.J.Verghese aged 28. No episcopal election has been conducted in such a peaceful atmosphere since 1935. Every evening he used to go out in a horse and cart. When the prayers began some miscreants pushed from behind and a few, especially children in the front, fell flat upon the floor of the sanctuary. Following are a brief sketch of events among the Catholic Syrians (Syro Malabar Church) and the Malankara Syriac Orthodox ( Jacobite ) with details leading to the formation of different groups which exist today. So it was his ardent desire that he should have a church in his native place. Of the 14 bishops who have ruled over the MISC as Metropolitan, A Saint Thomas Christian, Joseph goes to Mesopotamia, He comes back with two Bishops, Mar Thomas and Mar John from Mesopotamia, Vasco de Gammas first landing in India near Calicut, Mar Yahballaha, Mar Denha and Mar Joseph arrive in Malabar, Metropolitan Mar John appoints George Pakalomattam ( Ittikuriath) as Archdeacon, Vasco de Gammas first meeting with Christians of Saint Thomas, The Latin Bishopric of Funchal is created with jurisdiction over Portuguese India, The tomb of Saint Thomas is discovered at Mylapore, Goa is made a suffragon bishopric of Funchal, Saint Francis Xaviers first visit to Malabar, A Persian Cross ( Saint Thomas Cross ) rediscovered at Mylapore, Saint Franics Xavier second visit to Malabar, Goa made Archbishopric and Cochin a suffragan bishopric, First Jesuit mission among the Syrian Christians, Mar Joseph and Mar Elias arrives in Malabar, The King of Cochin publishes an edict of tolerance in favor Of Christian converts, Mar Abraham appointed Archbishop of Angamaly, Establishment of Angamaly as Metropolitan See, First Synod of Angamale convoked by Bishop Mar Abraham, Archdeacon George of the Cross appointed by Archbishop Mar Abraham, Alexis De Menezes becomes Archbishop of Goa, Mar Abrahams death St. Hormis church, Angamaly, Alexis De Menezes begins his visit in Malabar, Fr. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church [8] also known as the Indian Orthodox Church [9] or simply as the Malankara Church [10] autocephalous [11] [12] [5] Oriental Orthodox church headquartered in Devalokam, near Kottayam. Records and accounts were checked and scrutinised by him every month. Charity overview, MALABAR INDEPENDENT SYRIAN CHURCH SUPPORT CHARITY Coordinates: 9.9823N 76.2763E The Syro-Malabar Catholic Church [a] is an Eastern Catholic church based in Kerala, India. He was suffragan till his death in 1927 when he passed away following a severe attack of asthma. The Archdeacon wrote to the Portuguese Captain that they wont obey any Jesuit and let any other four religious order come and they are ready to obey with out hesitation.7. In time, however, the majority of congregations drifted back to the Roman obedience. The church split from the main body of Indias Malankara Church in 1772. A meeting was held at Edapally and then again at Alangat on May 22, 1653, twelve priests imposed their hands on Archdeacon Thomas calling him Archbishop Mar Thomas I. The construction was delayed due to the national emergency and lack of funds, but providentially Sri John Peter, a philanthropist and well-wisher of the Church, put up a small but beautiful church at his own expense on that plot. The present Metropolitans eirenic openness to both reformed and unreformed and his acceptance by both- is a strength which augurs well for the future role of the Malabar Independent Syrian Church in the attempts to overcome the divisions among the St. Thomas Christians. In order to fund these institutions and churches he had to pledge some of the church properties, for in those days the price of coconut, the main product of the church estate, had fallen very low. This is an Epistolarium copied to use in Malabar from a text used in Cathedral of Beth Koke in Seleucia- Ctesiphon. As a result, the election was stayed by the High Court. The Vatican Syr. Later he managed to purchase a site to put up a Poor Home in the heart of the town itself. Friendship and co-operation with the Mar Thoma Syrian Church remain strong, but not at the expense of the Malabar Independent Syrian Churchs traditional Orthodoxy. St. Thomas the Apostle Syro-Malabar Forane Catholic Church, Dallas There are some fragmentary evidences which seem to suggest that there were Indian Bishops in earlier centuries. JOSEPH MAR ATHANASIOS- I, 7th METROPOLITAN (1888-1898), 7. [3] The entire community remained united until the 17th century, when disputes with the Portuguese padroado in India led to the Coonan Cross Oath of 1653 and the division of the Saint Thomas Christians into Syro-Malabar Church and independent branches. The Malabar Independent Syrian Church, also known as the Thozhiyur Church, is a Christian church centred in Kerala, India. Mar Koorilose VII took a keen interest in the work of the Gospel Association. Western missionaries (many of them members of religious orders) on their way to China and the Far East occasionally passed via Kerala. Once some members of the church council wanted to divert a portion of this fund for some other cause. Dear UAE Friends, Please like this page if you are a m Today the church remains small, with about 35,000 members, and maintains good relations with the other Malankara churches. The community has for many centuries claimed to have been founded by the Apostle Thomas who they believe to have arrived there in AD 52. The President should be a clergy man. Read More On exception to this has been marriage with Syrian Christians from the Middle East (or West Asia as it is referred to in Indian perspective) who seem to have been credited with a purity that made such marriages permissible. 5. While in England he declared himself willing to extend Eucharistic hospitality to members of the Church of England. K.M.Kuriakose, senior of the two, was to be elected and consecrated. Sebastiani came back in 1661 as Bishop and Administrator of Cranganore. Yuhanon Kattumangatt The behavior of Archbishop Gracis SJ has been haughty. In 1652, Ahatallah arrived in Mylapore who informed the Saint Thomas Christians that he is the Patriarch of All India and China who has all the powers given by Pope. On 20 December 1981 the general body elected Fr. He therefore asked the Church Council to take steps to convene the general body of the Church in order to elect an Episcopa. At the time of Portuguese arrival in India (1504), the hierarchy of Church of Saint Thomas Christians consists of a Metropolitan and three suffragan Bishops. His intonation and sweet voice made his service very solemn and attractive. It is generally accepted that the Anaphora of Addai and Mari, Nestorius and Theodore were in use among Saint Thomas Christians at the time of Synod of Diamper in 1599 AD.
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